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Bioisosteres

Bioisostere is defined as substituents or substructures with similar biological properties and chemical and physical similarities.1,2) This is an established strategy in medicinal chemistry for the design and discovery of new compounds.3) In fact, angiotensin II receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension were developed by the introduction of tetrazole structure as carboxyl group bioisostere.4)

Recently, in addition to classical bioisosteres for carboxyl groups and amide bonds, bioisosteres corresponding to heterocycles and benzene rings have been developed and utilized. Spiro-building blocks containing small rings such as oxetane and azetidine have been used as bioisosteres for morpholine and piperazine, respectively.5,6) Cubane, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, and bicyclo[3.1 .1]heptane structures have been used as bioisosteres of benzene rings.7,8) Especially, disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes have been used as para-substituted benzenes,9) and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane structures have been used as meta-substituted benzene.10,11) The introduction of these structures is expected to improve water solubility and pharmacokinetics by breaking the planarity due to the improvement of Fsp3.

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Products

Morpholine Bioisostere

2-Oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane

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Piperazine Bioisostere

2-Boc-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane

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Benzene Bioisosteres

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amine Hydrochloride
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic Acid
2-Oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane
Cuban-1-amine Hydrochloride

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para-Disubstituted Benzene Bioisosteres

3-(Methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic Acid
Methyl 3-Aminobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylate Hydrochloride
3-(Boc-amino)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic Acid
Potassium       Trifluoro[3-(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl]borate
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acid
4-(Methoxycarbonyl)cubane-1-carboxylic Acid
Methyl 4-Amino-1-cubanecarboxylate Hydrochloride
4-(Boc-amino)-1-cubanecarboxylic Acid

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meta-Disubstituted Benzene Bioisosteres

4-(Methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-1-carboxylic Acid
3-(Methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic Acid
4-(Boc-amino)bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-1-carboxylic Acid
tert-Butyl (4-Aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-1-yl)carbamate
Potassium Trifluoro[4-(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-1-yl]borate
5-(Methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-1-carboxylic Acid
5-(Boc-amino)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-1-carboxylic Acid
5-(Boc-amino)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-1-carboxylic Acid
5-(Boc-amino)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-1-amine
Potassium Trifluoro[5-(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-1-yl]borate

References

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