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Published TCIMAIL newest issue No.197
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Photo-acid generators (PAGs) are photo-sensitizers that undergo photolysis to generate acids. Such photo-acid generators are useful for various applications, because acids generated by photo-irradiation can be reactive species to promote cationic polymerizations and cross-linking reactions.
Photo-acid generators consist of a photo absorber moiety and an acid generating source moiety. In the type of ionic photo-acid generators, the cationic moieties such as sulfonium and iodonium mediate photo absorption, and then acids can be generated at the anionic moiety by following photolysis of the cationic moiety. We can provide variety of cation/anion combinations, because the structure of cation moiety can control photo absorption wavelength and absorbance, and also the structure of anion moiety can control acidity.
Non-ionic photo-acid generators are also known, because low solubility of ionic photo-acid generators is sometimes problematic. In the type of non-ionic photo-acid generators, a photo absorber moiety is bound with an acid generating source moiety by a covalent bond, and photolysis of the molecule can generate acids. We can provide several non-ionic photo-acid generators such as sulfonate esters and trichloromethyltriazine derivatives.
Sulfonium Salt-type Photo-Acid Generators
Strong acidity: HSbF6 > HB(C6F5)4 > HPF6 > HBF4 > (Rf)SO3H > RSO3H
![Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Hexafluoroantimonate](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_D5952.png)
![(9-Oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)[4-[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)thio]phenyl](phenyl)sulfonium Tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_T4223.png)
![Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Hexafluorophosphate](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_D5990.png)
![Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate (ca. 50% in Propylene Carbonate)](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_D6256.png)
![(9-Oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)[4-[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)thio]phenyl](phenyl)sulfonium Trifluorotris(perfluoroethyl)phosphate(V)](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_T4222.png)
- T4012
- Triphenylsulfonium Hexafluoroantimonate
- D5952
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Hexafluoroantimonate
- D6259
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Hexafluoroantimonate (ca. 50% in Propylene Carbonate)
- D6258
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate
- D6257
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (ca. 40% in Propylene Carbonate)
- B6631
- [1,1'-Biphenyl]-4-yl[4-[[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-ylthio]phenyl](phenyl)sulfonium Tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate (contains isomer)
- T4223
- (9-Oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)[4-[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)thio]phenyl](phenyl)sulfonium Tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate
- T4013
- Triphenylsulfonium Hexafluorophosphate
- D5990
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Hexafluorophosphate
- D6260
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]sulfonium Hexafluorophosphate (ca. 50% in Propylene Carbonate)
- H1776
- (4-Hydroxyphenyl)dimethylsulfonium Hexafluorophosphate
- T2041
- Tri-p-tolylsulfonium Hexafluorophosphate
- B6324
- (Thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylsulfonium) Bis(hexafluorophosphate)
- T1608
- Triphenylsulfonium Tetrafluoroborate
- T2180
- Triphenylsulfonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- T2042
- Tri-p-tolylsulfonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- T3038
- Triphenylsulfonium Nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate
- T4024
- Triphenylsulfonium 10-Camphorsulfonate
- T4025
- Triphenylsulfonium Chloride
- T1609
- Triphenylsulfonium Bromide
Iodonium Salt-type Photo-Acid Generators
Strong acidity: HSbF6 > HB(C6F5)4 > HPF6 > HBF4 > (Rf)SO3H > HAsF6
iodonium Hexafluoroantimonate](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_O0589.png)
![[4-[(2-Hydroxytetradecyl)oxy]phenyl]phenyliodonium Hexafluoroantimonate](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_H1683.png)
- O0589
- [4-(Octyloxy)phenyl](phenyl)iodonium Hexafluoroantimonate
- H1683
- [4-[(2-Hydroxytetradecyl)oxy]phenyl]phenyliodonium Hexafluoroantimonate
- B6347
- Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium Hexafluoroantimonate
- I0591
- 4-Isopropyl-4'-methyldiphenyliodonium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate
- B2380
- Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium Hexafluorophosphate
- M3379
- (4-Isobutylphenyl)(p-tolyl)iodonium Hexafluorophosphate (ca. 70% in Propylene Carbonate)
- B5598
- Bis(4-methylphenyl)iodonium Hexafluorophosphate
- D2238
- Diphenyliodonium Hexafluorophosphate
- B5661
- Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium Tetrafluoroborate
- D5118
- Diphenyliodonium Tetrafluoroborate
- B6071
- Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium Nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonate
- D2253
- Diphenyliodonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- D2248
- Diphenyliodonium Hexafluoroarsenate
- I1254
- (4-Isopropylphenyl)(p-tolyl)iodonium Trifluorotris(perfluoroethyl)phosphate(V)
- B6355
- Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium Chloride
Non-ionic Photo-Acid Generators
![2-[2-(Furan-2-yl)vinyl]-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_F0362.png)
![2-[2-(5-Methylfuran-2-yl)vinyl]-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine](https://www.tcichemicals.com/assets/cms-images/photo-acid_generators_M1209.png)
- H1136
- N-Hydroxynaphthalimide Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- M1245
- 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
- B3633
- 2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
- F0362
- 2-[2-(Furan-2-yl)vinyl]-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
- M1209
- 2-[2-(5-Methylfuran-2-yl)vinyl]-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
- M2140
- 2-(4-Methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
- D2963
- 2-(3,4-Dimethoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
Other Photo-Acid Generators
