In 1920s and 1930s, K. Landsteiner et al. revealed that antibodies are raised against organic small molecules when an animal is injected with the biological protein combined with organic small molecules which are ordinarily non-antigenic.1) The antibodies produced independently of an antibody against the protein, show an antigen-antibody reaction with small molecules, but do not provoke an immune response. Aromatic compounds like dinitrophenol (1), and sugars are known as the small molecules called "haptens (incomplete antigens)".
N-Succinimidyl 6-(2,4-dinitroanilino)hexanoate (2) is a hapten-labeling reagent containing the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group (DNP). 2 can bind covalently to an amino group of peptides and proteins, etc. via the succinimidyl moiety. The combination of labeled compounds and an anti-DNP antibody is applied to radioimmunoassay, ELISA, and immunohistochemical staining.2) Furthermore, research has also been reported on drug delivery systems (DDS) by using synthetic macromolecules labeled with 2,3) and on cell-surface receptor models incorporating 2.4)
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Hapten Labeling Reagent Having Antigenicity but not Provoking an Immune Response
References
- 1) a) Über heterogenetisches antigen und hapten. XV. Mitteilung über antigene
- K. Landsteiner, Biochem. Z. 1921, 119, 294.
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- b) Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. II
- 2) a) In vitro and in vivo targeting of radiolabeled monovalent and divalent haptens with dual specificity monoclonal antibody conjugates: enhanced divalent hapten affinity for cell-bound antibody conjugate
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- b) Determination of the binding of ligands containing the N-2,4-dinitrophenyl group to bivalent monoclonal rat anti-DNP antibody using affinity capillary electrophoresis
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- c) Development of an internally controlled antibody microarray
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- d) Application of fluorescence microscopy for investigation of cellular distribution of dinuclear platinum anticancer drugs
- 3) Extracellular barriers to in vivo PEI and PEGylated PEI polyplex-mediated gene delivery to the liver
- 4) Synthetic mimics of small mammalian cell surface receptors
