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The Stuart Research Group at Portland State University
Professor David R. Stuart
Professor Stuart obtained a B.Sc. from the University of Victoria (Victoria, Canada) in 2005 and a Ph.D. from the University of Ottawa (Prof. Keith Fagnou) in 2010. After a postdoctoral fellowship (Prof. Eric Jacobsen; 2010-2012) at Harvard University he began his independent career at Portland State University.
The Stuart Research Group is focused on the discovery and development of new reagents and chemical reactions for organic synthesis. Currently, new methods to access unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts and their use in arylation reactions is an active area of research. These efforts may have application in the synthesis of aromatic-containing pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.
Learn More About The Stuart Research Group
Iodonium Salts
Bench-Stable Reagents for Metal-Free Arylation of Heteroatom Nucleophiles
Unsymmetrical Aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium Tosylate Salts
Diaryliodonium salts are versatile compounds that have found use as photo-acid generators in polymer synthesis and as arylation reagents in small molecule synthesis; metal-free reactions have become increasingly popular with the respect to the latter.1 Unsymmetrical aryl(auxiliary)iodonium salts are particularly attractive as they permit the transfer of more elaborate aryl moieties and minimize aryl waste streams by employing readily available and recoverable auxiliaries. Trimethoxybenzene-derived auxiliaries have been regarded as a promising auxiliary for chemoselective transfer of the other aryl group yet synthetic access to these reagents has remained limited. The Stuart Research Group has recently developed a one-pot synthesis of aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium tosylate salts and demonstrated that these nascent arylation reagents selectively transfer the aryl group to C-, N-, O-, and S-nucleophiles.2 Several features make these appealing reagents: free-flowing bench-stable powders at ambient temperature; stable indefinitely when stored away from light; and react with diverse nucleophiles without the need for additional catalyst or inert atmosphere under mild conditions. The iodonium tosylate salts also serve as linchpin reagents to access salts with a variety of other counter anions, such as bromide, iodide, triflate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, and trifluoroacetate.
References
1 Merritt, E. A.; Olofsson, B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2009, 48, 9052-9070. Seidl, T.
2 L.; Sundalam, S. K.; McCullough, B.; Stuart, D. R. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 1998-2009.
Technical Applications
O-Arylation of phenols
[Experimental procedure] 4-Fluorophenol (0.83 mmol, 1 equiv.) and potassium tert-butoxide (1.1 equiv.) were added to a vial containing a stir bar and toluene (3.3 mL) was added via syringe. The vial was capped and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The cap was then removed and 4-biphenyl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate (1.2 equiv.) was added as a powder in one portion. The vial was recapped and placed in a pre-heated aluminum block (40 °C) for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was partitioned between water and dichloromethane and the aqueous phase further extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic fractions were dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography and the product isolated in 80% yield.
Initial conditions with symmetrical diaryliodonium triflate salts: Jalalian, N.; Ishikawa, E. E.; Silva, L. F. Jr.; Olofsson, B. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1552-1555
With aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate: Seidl, T. L.; Sundalam, S. K.; McCullough, B.; Stuart, D. R. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 1998-2009.
N-Arylation of sodium azide
[Experimental procedure] 4-Biphenyl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate (0.5 mmol, 1 equiv.) and sodium azide (1.4 equiv.) were added to vial containing a mixture of dioxane: water (70: 30; 2 mL). The vial was sealed and placed in a pre-heated aluminum block (80 °C) for 2 hours. The vial was allowed to cool to room temperature and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic fractions were dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography and the product isolated in 72% yield.
Initial conditions with symmetrical diaryliodonium salts: Lubinkowski, J. J.; Gomez, M.; Calderon, J. L.; McEwen, W. E. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2432-2435.
With aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate: Seidl, T. L.; Sundalam, S. K.; McCullough, B.; Stuart, D. R. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 1998-2009.
Initial conditions with symmetrical diaryliodonium salts: Lubinkowski, J. J.; Gomez, M.; Calderon, J. L.; McEwen, W. E. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2432-2435.
With aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate: Seidl, T. L.; Sundalam, S. K.; McCullough, B.; Stuart, D. R. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 1998-2009.
S-Arlyation of sodium phenyl sulfinate
[Experimental procedure] 4-Biphenyl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate (1 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and sodium phenyl sulfinate (0.91 mmol, 1 equil.) were transferred to an oven-dried vial. The vial was purged with nitrogen gas and then DMF (1.8 mL) was added via syringe. The vial was placed in a pre-heated aluminum block (90 °C) for 24 hours. The vial was then allowed to cool to room temperature and the reaction mixture was partitioned between aqueous ammonium chloride and dichloromethane. The aqueous phase was further extracted with dichloromethane and the combined organic fractions were dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography and the product obtained in 78% yield.
Initial conditions with symmetrical diaryliodonium salts: Umierski, N.; Manolikakes, G. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 188-191.
With aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate: Seidl, T. L.; Sundalam, S. K.; McCullough, B.; Stuart, D. R. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 1998-2009.
Initial conditions with symmetrical diaryliodonium salts: Umierski, N.; Manolikakes, G. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 188-191.
With aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate: Seidl, T. L.; Sundalam, S. K.; McCullough, B.; Stuart, D. R. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 1998-2009.